STRATEGIC CHAOS THEORY: A NEW FRAMEWORK FOR INTERPRETING INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE ERA OF GLOBAL DISORDER
Mirela BĂCANU VASILE | National University of Political Science and Public Administration
Bucharest/ Romania
Doi: http://doi.org/10.25019/europolity.2025.19.1.1
Abstract
This article proposes the concept of ‘strategic chaos’ as an emerging analytical perspective in the study of contemporary international relations. Inspired by chaos theory from the natural sciences and complex systems thinking (Lorenz, Prigogine, Morin), the paper investigates how instability is deliberately cultivated by various state and non-state actors as a geopolitical tool. By integrating ideas from classical theories of international relations (realism, liberalism, constructivism) with elements of complexity theory, the proposed approach outlines a complementary lens to understand phenomena such as frozen conflicts, recurrent crises, information warfare or strategic ambiguity. Case studies on Russia, China, the United States, and other actors such as ISIS or North Korea demonstrate that instability can become a strategic end in itself—not merely a secondary outcome of conflict. The concept of strategic chaos thus brings into focus the possibility that unpredictability and disorder may not only be tolerated but actively exploited in the context of an increasingly fragmented, multipolar, and volatile international system.
Keywords
Controlled instability; global order; geopolitics; hybrid conflict; international relations; international security; strategic chaos.
PUTINISM AS A THIN IDEOLOGY OR BRICOLAGE? THEORETICAL OUTCOMES RELATED TO THE RADICALIZATION OF THE SUPPORT FOR RUSSIAN FEDERATION AUTHORITARIAN REGIME
Radu CARP | Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Bucharest
Bucharest/Romania
Doi: http://doi.org/10.25019/europolity.2025.19.1.2
Abstract
For a long time, the question has been raised whether there is an ideology called “putinism” and whether it can be assimilated to fascism. The premise of this article is that putinism exists, it is an ideology in the making, “thinly centered” like populism. The article presents the dispute between “eternal fascism” and “defascization of fascism”, as well as the most important positions of some authors in the field on the possibility of equating putinism with fascism. The article concludes that putinism is a new phenomenon, an ideological bricolage specific of today’s Russia, the result of a symbiosis of nationalism, fascism and far-left ideas, plus a form of messianism that transcends Russia’s political regimes and ideologies. Putinism has not reached the stage of ideology, but it manifests itself in extreme violence (the war in Ukraine), a sign of political radicalism.
Keywords
Extremism; fascism; ideological bricolage; putinism; racism.
EVALUATION OF THE “FOCUS ON THE CHILD” PROGRAMME IN HUNGARY
Luca KOLTAI | HÉTFA Research Institute
Budapest/Hungary
Nóra TELLER | Metropolitan Research Institute
Budapest/Hungary
Doi: http://doi.org/10.25019/europolity.2025.19.1.3
Abstract
The paper evaluates the “Focus on the Child” programme in Hungary, implemented by the Hungarian Charity Service of the Order of Malta as part of the government’s “Long-term Programme for Emerging Settlements” (FETE). The initiative, active in the country’s most disadvantaged regions, aims to improve early childhood development (ECD) through integrated social services, intensive family support, and professional guidance. The evaluation, conducted between 2021 and 2023 by the HÉTFA Research Institute, employs a mixed-method approach combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. Data collection includes household surveys, panel studies, and qualitative interviews with service providers, parents, and local stakeholders. Preliminary findings highlight significant socio-economic challenges, including extreme poverty, inadequate housing, and limited access to healthcare and educational resources. The programme has facilitated improvements in children’s language and cognitive development, parental engagement, and access to essential services. While positive shifts in early childhood development indicators have emerged, long-term impacts remain to be fully assessed. The study underscores the importance of holistic, multi-sectoral interventions in mitigating disadvantages among young children. Future efforts should focus on sustaining service integration, reinforcing parental support, and addressing persistent developmental gaps to ensure long-term educational and social benefits.
Keywords
Disadvantaged Regions, Early Childhood Development (ECD), Family Support, Health and Well-being, Hungary Integrated Social Services, Marginalized Communities, Mixed-Method Evaluation, Poverty Reduction, Social Inclusion.
POLICY EVALUATION IN EUROPE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CURRENT TRENDS OF INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND METHODOLOGICAL CONVERGENCE
Ioana Roxana MELENCIUC IOAN | National University of Political Studies and Public Administration
Bucharest/ Romania
Doi: http://doi.org/10.25019/europolity.2025.19.1.4
Abstract
Policy evaluation systems in the EU and EU Member States have evolved differently over time, due to different adoption patterns, institutional frameworks, and the integration of the EU acquis. This comparative analysis focuses on the evolution of these systems, especially covering the dynamics over the last decade (2015-2025). While the subject of an emerging evaluation culture at European level is set aside, the evolving influence of supranational frameworks through the transposition of regulations and practices from the European to the national level is considered the key element for a systemic understanding. The analysis reflects a comparative approach, conducted considering variables such as the level of centralization of processes, the legal framework, the development of evaluation capacity, the sophistication of methodological approaches, and the involvement of stakeholders in the evaluation processes. Even though the endeavour cannot be exhaustive, having evident limitations in mapping variables at the level of all Member States, it reflects relevant examples in a comparative manner, serving as a good tool for an overall understanding of public policy evaluation practices in the EU.
Keywords
Evaluation culture, Evaluation systems, Evidence-based policy-making, Policy evaluation.
CYBER-SECURITIZATION IN LIGHT OF THE SNOWDEN REVELATIONS: EFFECTS ON INSTITUTIONAL REFORM IN THE US AND EU
Cosmina MOGHIOR | National University of Political Studies and Public Administration
Bucharest/ Romania
Doi: http://doi.org/10.25019/europolity.2025.19.1.5
Abstract
This article examines the securitization of cybersecurity through a discourse analysis of the Snowden revelations. Using a critical discourse analysis approach, this study explores the language and narratives used by policymakers and other stakeholders in the cybersecurity field to construct and frame cybersecurity threats and responses. The article argues that the securitization of cybersecurity is a complex and multifaceted process that is shaped by a range of social, cultural, and political factors. Through a detailed analysis of official documents, speeches, and media reports, this study reveals the ways in which the Snowden revelations were framed and constructed as a security threat, and how this framing has shaped the development of cybersecurity governance in the US and EU. The article contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the securitization of cybersecurity and highlights the importance of discourse analysis in studying this critical field.
Keywords
Cybersecurity; cybersecurity governance; discourse analysis; Snowden revelations; securitization.
MULTIFACETED FAMILY IMPACT ANALYSIS IN ITALY: COUNTERING INEQUALITIES BY CREATING FAMILY IMPACT CHECKLISTS TO HELP PROFESSIONALS “THINK FAMILY”
Matteo MOSCATELLI | Università Cattolica di Milano
Milan/Italy
Elisabetta CARRÀ | Università Cattolica di Milano
Milan/Italy
Doi: http://doi.org/10.25019/europolity.2025.19.1.6
Abstract
This study examines the process of creation of four tools, in aiding professionals to create family-friendly programs that enhance individual and community well-being, drawing from the American Family Impact Lens model. This project aims to enhance the evaluation of policies and practices affecting family well-being, with a focus on reducing inequalities. The study developed and validated four Family Impact Checklists tailored for family mediation, elderly home care, child protection services, and family-work balance management. Using a multidisciplinary approach, including co-design sessions and a Delphi method involving experts, the checklists were refined to ensure relevance and effectiveness. The findings indicate that these tools promote a family-oriented culture among practitioners, enhancing their ability to design and implement family-friendly interventions.
Keywords
Evaluation checklist; family impact lens; family’s wellbeing; participatory methods; services; social innovation.
THE EUROPEAN KNOWLEDGE-SECURITY NEXUS: SCIENCE DIPLOMACY AS A POLICY TOOL AGAINST HYBRID THREATS
Mihaela Daciana NATEA | “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology
Târgu Mureș/Romania
Doi: http://doi.org/10.25019/europolity.2025.19.1.7
Abstract
In the evolving landscape of global security, where threats are becoming more and more complex and where state and non-state actors are blurring the classical definitions of security, there is a need to harness the knowledge science offers to construct security policies. In a tumultuous international system, science can deliver either a pool of ideas for new policies or solutions through new technologies to the security sector in order to identify timely solutions for increasing societal resilience. The present article explores the European knowledge-security nexus by analyzing the role of science in connection with security as a strategic policy tool for building resilience and countering hybrid threats, including disinformation and foreign interference. The article explores European security policies and moves to analyse the manner in which the science diplomacy policy was formed and defined at European level. Drawing from EU security policies and recommendation the article argues that science was embedded in a coherent European governance structure through which the EU can develop science diplomacy policies, and security solution that can increase the EU anticipatory capabilities against hybrid threats.
Keywords
Disinformation; EU Foreign and Security Policy; hybrid threats; science diplomacy; soft power.
THE TENTH LEGISLATIVE TERM OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT: A CHANGE IN THE PROFILE OF THE MEMBERS OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT?
Victor NEGRESCU | National University of Political Studies and Public Administration
Bucharest/ Romania
Doi: http://doi.org/10.25019/europolity.2025.19.1.8
Abstract
The profiles and backgrounds of the Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) in the tenth legislative term are considered by many to be unique due to changes in European politics, particularly in terms of practices, rhetoric, and methods. The article seeks to discover whether this is the case by analyzing the educational backgrounds, social profiles, professional experiences and political engagements of the MEPs while highlighting the similarities and the differences to the findings of existing studies conducted on the previous terms. It will also explore the links between the profiles of the MEPs and the leadership positions obtained within the institution. The study will use a quantitative methodology and will contribute to existing literature in the field by offering a new perspective on the trends when it comes to political profiles at the level of the European Parliament.
Keywords
European Parliament; European politics; political parties; political profile.
TRANSNATIONAL INSTITUTION BUILDING AND INTEGRATION THROUGH CROSS-BORDER COOPERATION IN THE ROMANIAN-HUNGARIAN BORDER AREA
István POLGÁR | University of Oradea
Oradea/ Romania
Mircea Brie | University of Oradea
Oradea/ Romania
Doi: http://doi.org/10.25019/europolity.2025.19.1.9
Abstract
The border region is the collision point of cultures, religions, languages, administrations, legislations and economic influences. All these factors have substantial contribution to the development of the phenomenon called cross-border cooperation. Due to decentralization, regionalization, and trends of entrepreneurialism in local administration, local actors have received an opportunity that can be conceived both a blessing and a curse, namely the opportunity to initiate international connections. Currently, sub-national and local authorities are claiming a growing role in the creation of international cooperation. In a European context, they are also encouraged by the national level due to the growing process of decentralization aimed at generating an efficient system of public affairs management. The issue of cross-border cooperation in general goes beyond geographical, economic and legal approaches. If we intend to treat the phenomenon from a specific point of view, we will find ambiguities and uncertainties regarding the role and functioning of some institutions in the process of cross-border cooperation and partnerships. In the process of EU-integration the Romanian-Hungarian state border is becoming even more permeable. The study aims to realize an inventory of the cooperation activities which had an impact on transnational institution building amongst the local governance apparatus in the area of the Romanian-Hungarian border, with a special emphasis on Bihor County.
Keywords
Cross border; cooperation; local authorities; international; regional.
SYNCHRONIZING THE EUROPEAN SEMESTER WITH EU FUNDS ALLOCATION: ROMANIA’S CASE IN DRAFTING THE NATIONAL RECOVERY AND RESILIENCE PLAN
Nicolae TODERAȘ | National University of Political Studies and Public Administration
Bucharest/ Romania
Doi: http://doi.org/10.25019/europolity.2025.19.1.10
Abstract
Since its introduction in 2010, the European Semester has generated an extensive process of synchronizing EU policies with the domestic policy agendas of the Member States. This has contributed to the Europeanization of domestic public policies in the Member States. In this context, the article analyses how, during the drafting phase of Romania’s National Recovery and Resilience Plan, the synchronization of the European Semester with the internal agenda of reforms and investments was achieved. Structured in four sections, the article begins with an overview of the context in which the European Semester emerged and the evolution of the Open Method of Coordination. It then analyses the transition from the OMC to the European Semester, highlighting changes in the coordination of Member States. The third section explores the alignment of the European Semester with the allocation of European funds in the first year of the Recovery and Resilience Facility. The final section provides a case study on the development of Romania’s NRRP, highlighting challenges and lessons learned.
Keywords
European Semester; country-specific recommendations (CSRs); Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF); National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP); open method of coordination (OMC).
THE LONG ROAD TO THE ARMENIA-AZERBAIJAN PEACE AGREEMENT: THE PREVALENCE OF THE PRINCIPLE OF TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY OVER THE RIGHT OF SELF-DETERMINATION
Jordi XUCLÀ | Ramon Llull University
Barcelona/ Spain
Doi: http://doi.org/10.25019/europolity.2025.19.1.11
Abstract
On March 13, 2025, Armenia and Azerbaijan announced a peace agreement to conclude a conflict that began in 1988. The disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh exemplifies a paradigmatic case where the principle of territorial integrity and the right to self-determination have been in conflict for nearly four decades. Ultimately, the principle of territorial integrity has prevailed. This article examines the aspects of the peace agreement that are known so far, particularly the mutual recognition of both countries’ territorial integrity based on Soviet-era borders, the necessity to reform the Armenian Constitution to eliminate any territorial claims on Azerbaijan, the prohibition of military deployments from third countries, the renunciation of any future international litigation, and the disbanding of the OSCE Minsk Group. This text analyses relevant treaties, resolutions from international organizations, and the historical roles of external actors such as Russia, the European Union, and the United Nations. Special attention is given to the legal frameworks established by the UN Charter, the Helsinki Final Act, and the principle of uti possidetis juris. Measures to strengthen the peace agreement are being studied. The analysis emphasizes the importance of combining economic cooperation and inter-community dialogue to promote long-term stability in the South Caucasus.
Keywords
Conflict resolution; international law; Nagorno-Karabakh; peace agreement; self-determination; territorial integrity.
